Black Diamond Stingray

Potamotrygon leopoldi is endemic to the Xingu River in Pará state, Brazil, a clear, fast-flowing river with warm, moderately acidic water over rocky and sandy substrates. The species is immediately recognisable by its coal-black dorsal surface covered in sharply defined white spots, which intensify in contrast as the fish matures. In captivity it requires pristine water quality and is less forgiving of parameter fluctuations than P. motoro. Its restricted natural range and CITES-regulated status mean that wild-caught specimens are expensive and captive-bred individuals are increasingly preferred. Males are territorial toward other males of the same species; mixed-sex pairs are the recommended approach for serious breeding programmes.