Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare)

The Freshwater Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) is one of the most recognisable and beloved freshwater fish in the world. Its distinctive laterally compressed, disc-shaped body with dramatically elongated dorsal and anal fins creates a beautiful triangular profile unlike almost any other aquarium fish. The wild-type displays a silver base colour with four dark vertical black stripes and red eyes, though decades of selective breeding have produced an enormous variety of colour morphs.

Native to the Amazon River basin, Orinoco River system, and Guiana Shield rivers of South America, Angelfish inhabit slow-moving to nearly still waters — flooded forests (várzea), blackwater lakes, and quiet tributary streams. They are most commonly found among submerged roots, fallen branches, and dense aquatic vegetation, where their disc-like shape allows them to slip between vertical stems.

Angelfish are cichlids and display the characteristic cichlid intelligence and personality. They form pair bonds, display territorially during spawning, and recognise their keepers. Breeding pairs will spawn on broad leaves, flat rocks, or even aquarium glass, guarding the eggs and fry with great dedication.

As they grow — up to 15 cm body length and 25 cm tall including fins — Angelfish require appropriately sized aquariums with plenty of height. They are compatible with many medium-sized community fish but will eat small fish and shrimp that fit in their mouths. A pair of Angelfish makes a stunning centrepiece for a 200-litre planted community tank.

Tank Setup: A minimum 150-litre tall aquarium (at least 45 cm height) for a single pair or small group. Tall planted tanks with Amazon swords, Vallisneria, and driftwood replicate their natural environment beautifully. Provide low to moderate water flow — Angelfish prefer calm conditions. Dim lighting with floating plants suits them.

Water Parameters: Temperature 24–30°C; pH 6.0–7.8; GH 3–12 °dH; KH 2–6 °dH. Wild-caught specimens require softer, more acidic conditions, but tank-bred fish are highly adaptable.

Feeding: Omnivore. Accepts quality cichlid flakes, micro pellets, frozen bloodworm, brine shrimp, and Mysis shrimp. Feed two to three times daily. Supplement with live foods for conditioning before breeding. Avoid feeding live Tubifex which can introduce disease.

Tank Mates: Compatible with medium-sized peaceful species: larger tetras (Rummy Nose, Congo), corydoras, peaceful barbs, rasboras, and non-aggressive cichlids. Will eat small shrimp and nano fish. Avoid small, nippy barbs (Tiger Barbs) that will shred their fins, and aggressive cichlids.

Behaviour: Somewhat territorial, especially during spawning. A bonded pair will claim territory and drive off other fish. In a large group, a dominance hierarchy forms with occasional chasing. Intelligent and interactive — learns to recognise keeper and feeds from hand.

Health: Susceptible to ich, hole-in-the-head disease, and internal parasites. Excellent water quality and a balanced diet prevent most issues. Sensitive to sudden temperature or pH changes. Quarantine new fish before introducing to an established community.