Neolamprologus signatus

Neolamprologus signatus holds the distinction of being one of the very smallest cichlid species, with mature males rarely exceeding 3.5 cm and females being even smaller. Despite its minute size, it is a robust and entertaining shell dweller that packs an outsized personality into its tiny frame, boldly defending its shell against fish many times its own body length.

Signatus inhabits dense shell beds in the shallower regions of Lake Tanganyika, where the shells of Neothauma tanganyicense form natural reef-like structures on the sandy floor. In the aquarium it thrives in a nano setup of as little as 30 L provided water quality is maintained and shells are plentiful. The male defends a cluster of shells containing up to three or four females.

This species is best kept as a species tank due to its tiny size, which makes it vulnerable to intimidation by all but the most passive Tanganyika species. It is an ideal choice for aquarists who want to experience authentic shell-dwelling behaviour at the smallest possible scale. Feed only the finest frozen foods — Artemia nauplii, micro-worms, and Cyclops — as larger particles may be refused.

Water: pH 7.8–9.0, GH 10–18, KH 8–14, temperature 24–27 °C. Tank: 30 L minimum; fine sand; minimum 4–5 shells per pair; sponge filtration ideal. Feeding: Artemia nauplii, micro-worms, Cyclops; smallest micro pellets; twice daily. Breeding: Shell-spawner; tiny clutch of 5–15 eggs; female guards alone; fry raised on Artemia nauplii. Compatibility: Species tank recommended; at risk from intimidation by almost all other cichlids.