Steatocranus casuarius

Steatocranus casuarius, the Buffalo-head or Hump-head Cichlid, is one of the most recognisable fish from the Congo River rapids system. Adults develop a large, fleshy nuchal hump — particularly prominent in dominant males — and navigate powerful currents by 'hopping' along the substrate using short bursts of their paired fins, an adaptation unique among cichlids.

In the aquarium, S. casuarius is best kept as a monogamous pair in a tank with strong water movement replicating the rapids environment. They are cave-spawners and devoted parents, guarding their eggs and wrigglers fiercely. Both parents participate in shepherding the free-swimming fry, which are relatively large and robust.

Hard, well-oxygenated water at pH 6.0–7.5 is suitable, reflecting the high-energy rapids habitat where the Congo's chemistry is unique. Provide plenty of rocks, smooth boulders, and PVC pipe hides alongside a strong internal or powerhead-driven current.

Water: 24–27°C, pH 6.0–7.5, moderate hardness (GH 5–15, KH 3–10); high oxygenation and flow essential. Tank: 120 L minimum; large smooth rocks, PVC pipe caves, and strong current from a powerhead. Feeding: Quality cichlid pellets, earthworms, and frozen foods; will accept most meaty offerings. Breeding: Cave-spawner; strong pair bond — both parents guard eggs and fry aggressively. Compatibility: Keep as a pair with fast-moving upper-level fish; avoid other bottom-dwelling cichlids.