Theraps lentiginosus

Theraps lentiginosus is one of the largest and most visually distinctive members of its genus, reaching 35 cm in well-maintained aquaria. It inhabits fast-flowing sections of the Usumacinta and Lacantun rivers in Mexico and Guatemala, where it clings to rocky surfaces in strong current to graze on algae and aufwuchs. Its dense dark freckle pattern against a grey-blue body is unique among CA cichlids and immediately identifiable.

In the aquarium, this is an impressive display fish that requires substantial current, high oxygenation, and a diet heavily weighted toward vegetable matter. Without adequate flow, T. lentiginosus will show rapid deterioration in both health and coloration. A setup styled as a river biotope with multiple flow-return pumps is ideal.

This species is moderately aggressive — it defends grazing territories firmly but lacks the extreme predatory aggression of Parachromis or Amphilophus labiatus. It can be kept in pairs or small groups in very large rheophilic setups.

Water: 22–26°C, pH 7.0–8.0, GH 8–20, KH 4–12; strong current and high dissolved oxygen mandatory. Tank: 500 L minimum; large river-rounded rocks, sand and gravel substrate; powerful multi-pump circulation. Feeding: Herbivore — spirulina pellets, algae wafers, blanched greens; meaty foods only occasionally. Breeding: Rheophilic rock-surface spawner; eggs fanned in current; biparental care; moderate fry aggression. Compatibility: Other large rheophilic CA cichlids; not suitable for still-water setups.